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“Is he going to be able to go home?” Susan Carlson asked.

The future doctors tried to project confidence as they checked her husband, Tom, an ex-smoker who’d been rushed to the hospital gasping for breath. But in truth, they were nervous. Tom’s lung disease was nearing “end stage.” They had to tell the distraught couple about the grim options ahead, including a breathing machine, and ask a hard question: How much medical intervention did he want as he approached the end of his life?

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